Impacts of Lichens and Bryophytes on the Monoliths of Mawphlang Sacred Groves: A Biodeterioration Assessment

Abstract

Mawphlang Sacred grove, an ancient and culturally significant forest in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, India, has remained an undisturbed ecological sanctuary. Historically, it served as a site for religious rituals, coronations and gathering of Khasi kings and leaders. This study evaluates the biodeterioration effects of lichen and bryophytes on the monoliths within the grove. The survey conducted in 2024 focused on identifying the species responsible for the biological weathering of these culturally significant stone structures. Due to strict conservation regulations prohibiting sample collection, high resolution photographic documentation was employed for species identification. Common taxa were identified up to the species level, while others were classified at the genus level. Future research should integrate advanced non-invasive techniques such as remote sensing, hyperspectral imaging and digital microscopy to monitor and access the extent of biological weathering over time. This study provides a foundation for future research on cryptogamic induced stone weathering in heritage sites and highlights the need for sustainable conservation approaches.